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outils:arnstein []
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Outils pour utilisateurs

Outils du site


outils:arnstein

Échelle de participation de Arnstein

Dessin présent dans le livre de Sherry R. Arnstein La participation désigne les procédures, démarches ou tentatives faites pour donner un rôle aux individus dans la prise de décision affectant la communauté ou l'organisation dont ils font partie.

En sciences politiques, la participation est un terme général recouvrant les différents moyens par lesquels les citoyens peuvent contribuer aux décisions politiques.

Afin que la participation en toute connaissance de cause soit possible, un degré de transparence, par exemple la transparence radicale, est nécessaire, mais non suffisante.

La participation est recherchée principalement pour les décisions affectant certaines catégories de la population, particulièrement dans les domaines de l'urbanisme et des rénovations urbaines ou encore dans celui de la gestion des ressources (eau, paysage…) et de l'environnement.

La consultante américaine Sherry R. Arnstein 1) a distingué en 1969 huit niveaux de participation des citoyens aux projets les concernant. Cette « échelle de la participation d'Arnstein » est toujours utilisée par des sociologues pour analyser la manière dont les pouvoirs publics informent les citoyens et leur permettent de participer aux prises de décision 2) 3):

Échelon Degré Explication
8. Contrôle citoyen Pouvoir effectif des citoyens À ce niveau, les citoyens ont le pouvoir de décider, ils acquièrent le contrôle complet et sont capables de négocier les conditions sous lesquelles les personnes contestataires pourraient influencer les décisions.
Ils sont complètement autonomes.
7. Délégation de pouvoir Par délégation des autorités, les citoyens acquièrent une autorité dominante sur les décisions.
6. Partenariat La prise de décision se fait à partir de processus de négociation entre les citoyens et les détenteurs du pouvoir.
Les parties deviennent responsables des décisions à travers des structures regroupant les parties.
5. Nomination Coopération symbolique À ce niveau, les citoyens commencent à exercer une certaine influence. Ils sont autorisés et invités à donner des conseils et à faire des propositions, tout en laissant ceux qui ont le pouvoir les seuls juges de la légitimité et de la faisabilité des conseils formulés.
4. Consultation À ce niveau, les citoyens sont consultés, par exemple à travers des enquêtes d’opinion ou des auditions publiques.
Toutefois, la consultation n’assure pas aux citoyens que leurs préoccupations et leurs idées seront prises en compte.
3. Information À ce niveau, les citoyens reçoivent des informations justes, sans qu’ils puissent donner leur avis.
On privilégie ici une information à sens unique des autorités vers les citoyens sans retour possible ni pouvoir de négociation.
2. Thérapie Non participation L’objectif visé est de manipuler les citoyens public au profit de ceux qui détiennent le pouvoir.
1. Manipulation

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outils/arnstein.txt · Dernière modification: 2022/01/30 11:39 de vanlindtmarc